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The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine
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Cardiovascular changes in dipper and nondipper hypertension in perimenopausal women: time-dependent effects of antihypertensives

The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine volume 24, pages 37–42 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The lack of a decrease in nocturnal blood pressure to up to 10% of the daytime measure is termed as nondipper (ND) hypertension. It is a cardiovascular (CV) risk factor with increased CV morbidity and accelerated target organ damage especially in women. The beneficial effect of restoring the ND state by administering antihypertensives (chronotherapy) at bedtime rather than on awakening is still debated.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the extent of ND hypertension and the magnitude of CV morbidities among perimenopausal women in comparison with an identical dipper group. The study also intended to determine the administration time-dependent effect on the ND state.

Study design

The study included a cross-sectional part and a prospective randomized part.

Patients and methods

One hundred and thirty perimenopausal women who were not known to be hypertensive, with an office blood pressure repeatedly exceeding 140/90mmHg were included. After obtaining informed consents, complete history was taken and clinical examination was carried out. The included patients underwent 12-lead ECG and echocardiography, and the carotid intima–media thickness was measured. Besides the routine urine and blood analysis, analyses to obtain levels of lipids, HbA1-c, serum thyroid stimulating hormone, coagulation factors (factor VIII, fibrinogen), urinary albumin excretion, and C reactive protein were also carried out. Ambulatory blood pressure of all patients on a nonworking day was monitored. The studied patients were classified as dippers and NDs. The ND patients were randomly assigned to treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Half of the ND patients received their dosage at bedtime and the others received the same dosage on awakening for 6 months, after which the ambulatory blood pressure was remeasured.

Results

ND hypertension was detected in 61.5% of patients, its occurrence being significantly higher among women with hot flashes, those with postural hypotension, obese women, and among women with elevated HbA1-c, fibrinogen, cholesterol, C reactive protein and urinary albumin excretion levels. There was significant prolongation of the QTc interval and QT dispersion with a significant increase in the interventricular septal dimension and carotid artery intima-media thickness in the ND group. Disappearance of the ND phenomenon occurred in 80% of patients receiving therapy with ARBs at bedtime.

Conclusion

ND hypertension is common among perimenopausal women, especially those with hot flashes, postural hypotension, and higher BMIs and HbA1-c levels, and is associated with many CV risk factors. Chronotherapy with ARBs at bedtime is more efficient in restoring the circadian rhythm of blood pressure compared with that on awakening.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt

    Wael Ragheb Refaie

  2. Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt

    Ehsan Refaie

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt

    Nagy Abd El Hady

  4. Department of Radiology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt

    Salah Tantawy

  5. Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt

    Ahmad Elewa

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  1. Wael Ragheb Refaie
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  2. Ehsan Refaie
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Refaie, W.R., Refaie, E., Abd El Hady, N. et al. Cardiovascular changes in dipper and nondipper hypertension in perimenopausal women: time-dependent effects of antihypertensives. Egypt J Intern Med 24, 37–42 (2012). https://doi.org/10.7123/01.EJIM.0000419545.12615.3e

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.7123/01.EJIM.0000419545.12615.3e

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