Table 1 Clinical and laboratory parameters of the studied groups

Sex (F/M)

5/10

5/10

7/8

6/9

P = 0.126

Age (years)

56.27 ± 6.22

54.87 ± 5.74

54.20 ± 6.86

58.13 ± 6.06

P = 0.330

BMI (Kg/m²)

28.73 ± 4.20

30.67 ± 4.97

31.33 ± 3.31

32.53 ± 4.14

P = 0.104

SBP (mmHg)

124.67 ± 11.87

134.00 ± 19.19

135.33 ± 14.07

141.33 ± 21.99

P = 0.078

DBP (mmHg)

78.67 ±10.60

82.00 ± 14.28

85.33 ± 14.07

88.67 ± 13.55

P = 0.201

Duration of DM (years)

…………..

7.73 ± 4.44

9.40 ± 4.37

13.40 ± 4.45

P < 0.001*

BUN (mg/dl)

14.53 ± 2.84

15.91 ± 2.96

41.85 ± 2.39

62.91 ± 4.91

P < 0.001*

Serum creatinine (mg/dl)

0.97 ± 0.21

1.38 ± 0.18

1.72 ±  0.16

2.85 ± 0.36

P < 0.001*

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m ² )

92.18 ± 2.13

90.52 ± 8.22

78.23 ± 4.81

58.19 ± 6.69

P < 0.001*

UACR (mg/g cr)

23.49 ± 3.82

25.82 ± 3.45

184.66 ± 75.10

332.80± 12.77

P < 0.001*

Fasting blood glucose level (mg/dl)

99.73 ± 8.89

122.68 ± 26.25

138.74 ± 25.14

176.50 ± 27.75

P < 0.001*

2-h postprandial glucose level (mg/dl)

130.07± 18.39

181.50 ± 38.17

220.08 ±45.19

264.50 ± 65.17

P < 0.001*

HbA1C (%)

5.48 ± 0.719

6.44 ± 0.93

8.45 ± 0.38

9.57 ± 0.27

P < 0.001*

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

138.80 ± 35.83

146.73 ± 45.61

171.47 ± 44.18

197.43 ± 42.88

P = 0.016*

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

136.13 ± 12.14

171.13 ± 38.93

213.07 ± 56.09

222.73 ± 59.83

P = 0.024*

HDL-C (mg/dl)

58.80 ± 10.56

51.87 ± 12.57

43.73 ± 11.24

39 .27 ± 9.60

P < 0.001*

LDL-C (mg/dl)

103.07 ±19.41

112.87 ± 31.58

129.53 ± 38.38

136.07 ± 35.25

P = 0.005*

Copeptin (pmol/L)

2.09 ± 0.50

2.92 ± 0.71

4.11 ± 0.83

4.98 ± 0.72

P < 0.001*