Table 7 Types of herb-drug interaction in herbs
From: Current update on herbal sources of antithrombotic activity—a comprehensive review
Herb | Warfarin | Aspirin | Clopidogrel |
|---|---|---|---|
Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels | (A) COX-inhibitor [Hu et al. 2005]. Inhibits CYP1A2 & CYP3A4 Leite et al. [92] | (A) Inhibition of rCyp2c11 & carboxylesterase activities Xiao et al. [103] | (A) Inhibition of rCyp2c11 & carboxylesterase activities Xiao et al. [103] |
Allium sativum L. | (A) Intereferes with metabolizing enzymes Ge et al. [105]; (B) additive effect [Hu et al. 2005]; (B) PAF inhibitor Ge et al. [105]; (A) inhibits CYP3A4 Leite et al. [92] | – | – |
Aesculus hippocastanum L.. | (A) Increased bleeding [Hu et al. 2005] | – | – |
Carthamus tinctorius L. | (B)Potentiates its activity Lim et al. [99] | (B) Potentiate prolongation of bleeding time and prothrombin time Xiao et al. [103]; (B) potentiates its activity Lim et al. [99] | |
Curcuma longa L. | (B) PAF inhibitor Leite et al. [92] | (A) COX-inhibitor Lim et al. [99] | – |
Ginkgo biloba L. | (A) Inhibiting CYP2C9/C19, CYP3A4, CYP1A2 Costache et al. [109] (B) Additive effect [Hu et al. 2005]; (B) PAF receptor antagonist Leite et al. [92] | ||
Panax ginseng Meyer | (B) Additive effect [Hu et al. 2005] | (B) Inhibited platelet aggregation Lim et al. [99] | |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | (A) Increased bleeding; (B) additive effect [Hu et al. 2005] | (B) Additive or synergistic effect Lim et al. [99] | |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | (B) PAF inhibitor Leite et al. [92] |