Table 1 The association between acute kidney injury (AKI) and COVID-19 pneumonia
References | Type of the study | Findings |
|---|---|---|
Xiao et al. [3] | A single-center retrospective observational study | The old age, male gender, sepsis, lymphopenia increase risk of AKI in COVID-19 |
Li et al. [7] | Retrospective study | Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia showed proteinuria (63%), elevated serum creatinine (19%), and high blood urea nitrogen (27%) |
Wang et al. [8] | Prospective study | AKI is uncommon in COVID-19 pneumonia |
Cheng et al. [9] | Cohort study | Proteinuria, hematuria, and high blood urea nitrogen are considered as independent risk factors for mortality in the hospitalized COVID-19 patients |
Sharma et al. [12] | Case series | COVID-19-induced AKI through collapsing glomerulopathy, acute tubular injury, interstitial nephritis, and thrombotic microangiopathy |
Pan et al. [16] | Single-cell transcriptome analysis | SARS-CoV-2-induced AKI through invasion of renal ACE2 |
Asselta et al. [19] | Systematic review | The frequency of AKI in COVID-19 was higher in occidental population |
Shi et al. [23] | A retrospective cohort study | Suppression of IL-6 may be a prime therapeutic regimen in COVID-19 |
Bardaweel et al. [26] | Systematic review | DPP4 inhibitor sitagliptin attenuates COVID-19-induced AKI |
Valencia et al. [27] | Systematic review | Higher expression of DPP4 is linked with development of AKI |
Oussalah et al. [28] | Retrospective longitudinal cohort study | COVID-19 patients chronically treated by ACEIs or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are at higher risk of AKI |
Lee et al. [29] | A meta-analysis study | ACEI/ARB use is significantly linked with a higher incidence of AKI in hospitalized COVID-19 patients |