Effect of diabetes self-management education program on glycemic control in diabetic patients attending the family medicine outpatient clinic, Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt

The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine

Table 2 Association between medical characteristics of the patients and HbA1c levels

Variables	HbA1c (mean ± SD)	p-value
Duration of DM
< 5 years	7.93 ± 0.74	0.32^a
5–10 years	8.15 ± 0.87
> 10 years	8 ± 1.22
Daily drug regimen
Oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs only	8.24 ± 1	0.10^a
Insulin only	7.50 ± 0.3
Combined	7.88 ± 0.79
Herbal treatment usage
No	8.02 ± 0.86	0.005^b
Yes	10 ± 0.02	0.005^b
Supplementation usage
No	8.18 ± 1.03	0.79^b
Yes	8.01 ± 0.84	0.79^b
Medical treatment for other diseases
No	7.82 ± 0.73	0.005^b
Yes	8.21 ± 0.95	0.005^b
Co-morbidities
Absent	7.69 ± 0.84	0.001^b
Present	8.17 ± 0.88	0.001^b
Adherence to diet
No	8.43 ± 1.01	0.17^b
Yes	7.98 ± 0.85	0.17^b
Adherence to treatment
No	8.7 ± 0.92	0.19^b
Yes	8.03 ± 0.88	0.19^b

^ap-values are based on the Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistical significance at p < 0.05
^bp-values are based on the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance at p < 0.05