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Table 1 Characteristics of participants and bivariate analysis stratified by frailty status

From: Risk factors for frailty in elderly Japanese people who received Ningen Dock: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Total

Robust

Pre-frail

Frail

p-values

Number

372 (100)

226 (60.8)

99 (26.6)

47 (12.6)

 

Age, sex, and body size

 Age (years)

72 ± 5.1

71.8 ± 5.0

72.2 ± 5.4

72.7 ± 5.1

0.460a

 Age ≥ 75 years

101 (27.2)

57 (25.2)

28 (28.3)

16 (34.0)

0.445c

 Female

162 (43.5)

94 (41.6)

48 (48.5)

20 (42.6)

0.509c

 BMI (kg/m2)

23.3 ± 3.2

23.3 ± 3.1

23.1 ± 2.7

23.4 ± 4.1

0.982a

 Waist circumference (cm)

82.4 ± 8.4

82.1 ± 8.6

82.2 ± 7.0

84.1 ± 10.0

0.320b

 Skeletal muscle percentage (%)

40.1 ±4.2

40.3 ± 4.2

39.7 ± 4.2

39.9 ± 4.6

0.437b

 Body fat percentage (%)

25.9 ± 7.0

25.7 ± 6.9

26.4 ± 6.9

26.0 ± 7.9

0.582a

Laboratory data and physical exam

 CAVI

8.57 ± 1.07

8.58 ± 0.86

8.37 ± 0.98

8.93 ± 1.82

0.091a, †

 SBP (mmHg)

117.2 ± 12.7

118.6 ± 12.7

114.7 ± 11.0

115.6 ± 14.7

0.062a, †

 DBP (mmHg)

67.7 ± 9.0

68.7 ± 9.3

65.8 ± 7.9

66.7 ± 9.3

0.022 b, †, *

 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

103.1 ± 20.5

102.5 ± 19.3

103.6 ± 20.6

104.7 ± 25.7

0.955a

 HbA1c (NGSP) (%)

6.0 ± 0.6

5.9 ± 0.6

6.0 ± 0.7

6.0 ± 0.7

0.418a

 LDL-C (mg/dL)

119.0 ± 26.9

119.2 ± 25.5

121.1 ± 28.6

113.7 ± 29.6

0.291b

 HDL-C (mg/dL)

65.3 ± 16.5

66.5 ± 17.0

62.8 ± 14.3

64.6 ± 18.3

0.299a

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

96.7 ± 53.1

96.9 ± 56.1

94.2 ± 44.1

101.0 ± 56.0

0.883a

 Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.4 ± 1.3

5.4 ± 1.3

5.4 ± 1.3

5.1 ± 1.1

0.369b

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

63.7 ± 12.3

63.4 ± 12.3

63.8 ± 11.7

64.9 ± 13.9

0.750b

 AST (U/L)

22.2 ± 7.3

22.3 ± 6.9

22.5 ± 8.5

21.6 ± 7.0

0.704a

 ALT (U/L)

19.0 ± 11.2

18.7 ± 9.8

20.2 ± 12.5

17.7 ± 14.2

0.069a, †

 γ-GTP (U/L)

27.0 ± 17.9

26.2 ± 16.8

30.4 ± 19.9

23.4 ± 17.7

0.016a, †, *

 ALP (U/L)

208.2 ± 59.9

204.8 ± 55.2

212.3 ± 62.5

215.7 ± 74.8

0.700a

 TP (g/dL)

6.97 ± 0.40

6.97 ± 0.38

6.95 ± 0.39

7.03 ± 0.53

0.848a

 ALB (g/dL)

4.09 ± 0.27

4.11 ± 0.26

4.05 ± 0.27

4.03 ± 0.34

0.117a

 T-Bil (mg/dL)

0.93 ± 0.29

0.95 ± 0.29

0.94 ± 0.29

0.83 ± 0.23

0.069a, †

 Hb (g/dL)

13.5 ± 1.4

13.6 ± 1.3

13.6 ± 1.4

13.1 ± 1.4

0.046a, †, *

 Serum iron (μg/dL)

103.8 ± 30.4

106.6 ± 31.3

104.6 ± 29.6

88.8 ± 22.4

0.001a, †, *

 CRP (mg/dL)

0.113 ± 0.345

0.083 ± 0.123

0.099 ± 0.255

0.285 ± 0.844

0.142a

 Vital capacity percentage (%)

95.6 ± 14.6

95.7 ± 14.8

97.0 ± 13.2

92.1 ± 16.5

0.160b

 FEV1/FVC (%)

77.0 ± 7.0

77.0 ± 7.0

77.9 ± 6.8

75 ± 7.5

0.044a, †, *

Medication, past history, and habits

 Number of medications

2.9 ± 2.9

2.6 ± 2.7

2.9 ± 3.0

4.3 ± 3.7

0.015a, †, *

 Antihypertensive medication

146 (39.2)

88 (38.9)

39 (39.4)

19 (40.4)

0.982c

 Hypoglycemic medication

52 (14.0)

29 (12.8)

12 (12.1)

11 (23.4)

0.135c

 Hypolipidemic medication

123 (33.1)

76 (33.6)

29 (29.3)

18 (38.3)

0.535c

 Stroke

21 (5.6)

11 (4.9)

5 (5.1)

5 (10.6)

0.283c

 Cardiac disease

39 (10.5)

21 (9.3)

9 (9.1)

9 (19.1)

0.116c

 Anemia

47 (12.6)

25 (11.1)

14 (14.1)

8 (17.0)

0.465c

 Exercise strength (METs/week)

11.1 ± 18.3

11.8 ± 19.0

10.5 ± 17.4

8.8 ± 16.2

0.024a, †, *

 Sodium intake (g/day)

9.47 ± 2.21

9.55 ± 2.32

9.19 ± 1.95

9.63 ± 2.21

0.291a

 Drinking

150 (40.3)

96 (42.5)

34 (34.3)

20 (42.6)

0.367c

 Smoking

17 (4.6)

9 (4.0)

5 (5.1)

3 (6.4)

0.746c

  1. Numerical data are shown as mean ± SD. Categorical data are shown as number of data points (%)
  2. BMI, body mass index, CAVI cardio-ankle vascular index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, Hb hemoglobin, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, ɤ-GTP gamma guanosine triphosphate, ALP alkaline phosphatase, TP total protein, ALB albumin, T-Bil total bilirubin, CRP C-reactive protein, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in a second, FVC forced vital capacity
  3. aKruskal-Wallis, bANOVA, cchi-square test, †P < 0.1, *P < 0.05