Variables | Total | Robust | Pre-frail | Frail | p-values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 372 (100) | 226 (60.8) | 99 (26.6) | 47 (12.6) | Â |
Age, sex, and body size | |||||
 Age (years) | 72 ± 5.1 | 71.8 ± 5.0 | 72.2 ± 5.4 | 72.7 ± 5.1 | 0.460a |
 Age ≥ 75 years | 101 (27.2) | 57 (25.2) | 28 (28.3) | 16 (34.0) | 0.445c |
 Female | 162 (43.5) | 94 (41.6) | 48 (48.5) | 20 (42.6) | 0.509c |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 3.2 | 23.3 ± 3.1 | 23.1 ± 2.7 | 23.4 ± 4.1 | 0.982a |
 Waist circumference (cm) | 82.4 ± 8.4 | 82.1 ± 8.6 | 82.2 ± 7.0 | 84.1 ± 10.0 | 0.320b |
 Skeletal muscle percentage (%) | 40.1 ±4.2 | 40.3 ± 4.2 | 39.7 ± 4.2 | 39.9 ± 4.6 | 0.437b |
 Body fat percentage (%) | 25.9 ± 7.0 | 25.7 ± 6.9 | 26.4 ± 6.9 | 26.0 ± 7.9 | 0.582a |
Laboratory data and physical exam | |||||
 CAVI | 8.57 ± 1.07 | 8.58 ± 0.86 | 8.37 ± 0.98 | 8.93 ± 1.82 | 0.091a, †|
 SBP (mmHg) | 117.2 ± 12.7 | 118.6 ± 12.7 | 114.7 ± 11.0 | 115.6 ± 14.7 | 0.062a, †|
 DBP (mmHg) | 67.7 ± 9.0 | 68.7 ± 9.3 | 65.8 ± 7.9 | 66.7 ± 9.3 | 0.022 b, †, * |
 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 103.1 ± 20.5 | 102.5 ± 19.3 | 103.6 ± 20.6 | 104.7 ± 25.7 | 0.955a |
 HbA1c (NGSP) (%) | 6.0 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 0.418a |
 LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119.0 ± 26.9 | 119.2 ± 25.5 | 121.1 ± 28.6 | 113.7 ± 29.6 | 0.291b |
 HDL-C (mg/dL) | 65.3 ± 16.5 | 66.5 ± 17.0 | 62.8 ± 14.3 | 64.6 ± 18.3 | 0.299a |
 Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 96.7 ± 53.1 | 96.9 ± 56.1 | 94.2 ± 44.1 | 101.0 ± 56.0 | 0.883a |
 Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 0.369b |
 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 63.7 ± 12.3 | 63.4 ± 12.3 | 63.8 ± 11.7 | 64.9 ± 13.9 | 0.750b |
 AST (U/L) | 22.2 ± 7.3 | 22.3 ± 6.9 | 22.5 ± 8.5 | 21.6 ± 7.0 | 0.704a |
 ALT (U/L) | 19.0 ± 11.2 | 18.7 ± 9.8 | 20.2 ± 12.5 | 17.7 ± 14.2 | 0.069a, †|
 γ-GTP (U/L) | 27.0 ± 17.9 | 26.2 ± 16.8 | 30.4 ± 19.9 | 23.4 ± 17.7 | 0.016a, †, * |
 ALP (U/L) | 208.2 ± 59.9 | 204.8 ± 55.2 | 212.3 ± 62.5 | 215.7 ± 74.8 | 0.700a |
 TP (g/dL) | 6.97 ± 0.40 | 6.97 ± 0.38 | 6.95 ± 0.39 | 7.03 ± 0.53 | 0.848a |
 ALB (g/dL) | 4.09 ± 0.27 | 4.11 ± 0.26 | 4.05 ± 0.27 | 4.03 ± 0.34 | 0.117a |
 T-Bil (mg/dL) | 0.93 ± 0.29 | 0.95 ± 0.29 | 0.94 ± 0.29 | 0.83 ± 0.23 | 0.069a, †|
 Hb (g/dL) | 13.5 ± 1.4 | 13.6 ± 1.3 | 13.6 ± 1.4 | 13.1 ± 1.4 | 0.046a, †, * |
 Serum iron (μg/dL) | 103.8 ± 30.4 | 106.6 ± 31.3 | 104.6 ± 29.6 | 88.8 ± 22.4 | 0.001a, †, * |
 CRP (mg/dL) | 0.113 ± 0.345 | 0.083 ± 0.123 | 0.099 ± 0.255 | 0.285 ± 0.844 | 0.142a |
 Vital capacity percentage (%) | 95.6 ± 14.6 | 95.7 ± 14.8 | 97.0 ± 13.2 | 92.1 ± 16.5 | 0.160b |
 FEV1/FVC (%) | 77.0 ± 7.0 | 77.0 ± 7.0 | 77.9 ± 6.8 | 75 ± 7.5 | 0.044a, †, * |
Medication, past history, and habits | |||||
 Number of medications | 2.9 ± 2.9 | 2.6 ± 2.7 | 2.9 ± 3.0 | 4.3 ± 3.7 | 0.015a, †, * |
 Antihypertensive medication | 146 (39.2) | 88 (38.9) | 39 (39.4) | 19 (40.4) | 0.982c |
 Hypoglycemic medication | 52 (14.0) | 29 (12.8) | 12 (12.1) | 11 (23.4) | 0.135c |
 Hypolipidemic medication | 123 (33.1) | 76 (33.6) | 29 (29.3) | 18 (38.3) | 0.535c |
 Stroke | 21 (5.6) | 11 (4.9) | 5 (5.1) | 5 (10.6) | 0.283c |
 Cardiac disease | 39 (10.5) | 21 (9.3) | 9 (9.1) | 9 (19.1) | 0.116c |
 Anemia | 47 (12.6) | 25 (11.1) | 14 (14.1) | 8 (17.0) | 0.465c |
 Exercise strength (METs/week) | 11.1 ± 18.3 | 11.8 ± 19.0 | 10.5 ± 17.4 | 8.8 ± 16.2 | 0.024a, †, * |
 Sodium intake (g/day) | 9.47 ± 2.21 | 9.55 ± 2.32 | 9.19 ± 1.95 | 9.63 ± 2.21 | 0.291a |
 Drinking | 150 (40.3) | 96 (42.5) | 34 (34.3) | 20 (42.6) | 0.367c |
 Smoking | 17 (4.6) | 9 (4.0) | 5 (5.1) | 3 (6.4) | 0.746c |